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2002-10-28 14:57:41, 조회 : 486 |
Women's Employment Structure in Korea / by Taehong Kim / KWDI Research Reports/ Women's Studies Forum, Vol.9 / December 1993
* This paper is the condensation of the 1992 Research Report 200-8 by the KWDI research team Roh Mi-hye, Kim Tae-hong, Kim Young-ock, Yang Seung-joo, Moon You-kyong.
Kim Tae-hong(Senior Researcher, KWDI)
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to recent economic developments, the demand side and supply side of the female labor market in Korea have shifted significantly. As a result, the patterns and problems in the employment structure, particularly the structure of the female labor force, have also changed. In this study, to analyze the employment status of women and structure of the female work force, a sample survey was conducted based on the female population aged 15 years old and over. This was the first nationwide household survey on the employment structure of women in Korea. In this survey, the attributes of households and household members were obtained through interviews, and then, detailed questionnaires were given to the women aged 15 to 64 who were residing in the household. However, unmarried women who were enrolled in school were excluded from this survey. There are 80 enumeration districts, and 40 households in each enumeration district were interviewed. The number of women interviewed was 3,066. Among them, 1,637 were employed; 108 were unemployed; and 1,321 were economically inactive members of the population(Note : The participation rate of the female labor force in this study was 56.9%, which was higher than that reported by the National Statistical Office (47.3% as of 1991). The difference reflects the exclusion of the student population (The majority were unmarried and economically inactive) in this study.).
II. ATTRIBUTES OF EMPLOYED WOMEN
1. Employment Structure of Women
A. Employment Structure of Women by Industry
Among the 1,633 employed women, 45.4% were engaged in the sector of social overhead capital (SOC) and other services; 31.5% were engaged in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and the remaining 23.1% were engaged in the sector of mining and manufacturing. In urban areas, 63.2% of employed women were engaged in the sector of SOC and other services, whereas in rural areas, 80.2% of employed women were engaged in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
The employment structure of women by marital status reveals that the proportion of women engaged in the third sector (SOC and other services) was the highest regardless of their marital status. However, the second largest sector of industry was different by marital status; that is, for married women, it is high in the proportion of women engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector, whereas for never married women, it is high in the proportion of women engaged in mining and manufacturing(Note : According to the analysis of the data tape of the 1991 Economically Active Population Survey conducted by the National Statistical Office(NSO), the proportions of never married women engaged in agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and manufacturing; and SOC and other services were 0.5%, 31.7%, and 67.8% respectively, whereas the related proportions for married women were 24.7%, 26.0%, and 49.3% respectively.). In detail, while the largest proportion of married women were found in wholesale and retail trade (24.1% of all married women), the larger proportion of never married women were found in the industries of SOC and other services(26.7% of all never married women), wholesale and retail trade(17.6%), and finance, insurance, real estate and business services(12.5%). That is, the employment pattern for never married women was relatively uniform across all industries excluding agriculture, forestry, and fishing. However, for married women, 60% of total employed women were concentrated in the first (agriculture, forestry, and fishing) and third sector(SOC and other services) of industry.
[Table 1] Women's Employment Structure by Industry
Unit : Person, %
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SOC
Agric. Mfg. ------------------------ Total
Subtotal W & R Serv.
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Total 515 377 741 377 246 1,633
(31.5) (23.1) (45.4) (23.1) (15.1) (100.0)
Region
Urban 42 342 659 328 220 1,043
(4.0) (32.8) (63.2) (31.4) (21.1) (100.0)
Rural 473 35 82 49 26 590
(80.2) (5.9) (13.9) (8.3) (4.4) (100.0)
Marital Status
Never married 1 92 162 45 68 255
(0.4) (36.1) (63.5) (17.6) (26.7) (100.0)
Married 514 285 579 332 178 1,378
(37.3) (20.7) (42.0) (24.1) (12.9) (100.0)
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Note : Agri. refers to Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Mfg. refers to Mining and Manufacturing
SOC refers to Social Overhead Capital and Other Services
W & R refers to Wholesale and Retail Trade
Serv. refers to Social Services
The distribution of employed women by industry reveals that a high proportion of women engaged in the first industry have a primary school level education; a high proportion of women in the second industry(mining and manufacturing) have a middle school level education; and that the third industry has a high proportion of women with a high school level education. More specifically, fewer than 20% of employed women with middle and high school level educations were employed in the first sector, while the proportion of these women engaged in the second and third sector were 35% and 30% respectively. In contrast to this, a low proportion of women with college level education were found employed in the first sector. Instead, 77.9% of the college graduates were engaged in the sector of SOC and other services; particularly, in the industry of personal services and wholesale and retail trade.
The employment structure of women by industry reveals that the proportion of women employed in urban third sector has been increasing since 1985, while the proportion of employed women engaged in rural first sector has been decreasing. However, while the majority of employed women residing in urban areas were found in the third sector - particularly, in the industry of wholesale and retail trade - the majority of employed women residing in rural areas were found in the first sector. Moreover, the proportion of employed women (the number of employed women divided by total employees) has increased.
[Table 2] Women's Employment Structure by Industry and Levels of Education
Unit : Person, %
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SOC
Agric. Mfg. ------------------------ Total
Subtotal W & R Serv.
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Total 515 377 741 377 246 1,633
(31.5) (23.1) (45.4) (23.1) (15.1) (100.0)
Level of Education
Primary School 442 87 198 119 47 726
(60.9) (12.0) (27.3) (16.4) (6.5) (100.0)
Middle School 49 114 108 78 21 271
(18.1) (42.1) (39.8) (28.8) (7.8) (100.0)
High School 24 156 289 148 80 469
(5.1) (33.3) (61.6) (31.6) (17.1) (100.0)
University 0 20 147 32 98 167
(0.0) (12.0) (82.0) (19.2) (58.7) (100.0)
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B. Women's Employment Structure by Occupation
As for the female employment structure by occupation, 31.6% of 1,628 employed women in this study were found to be engaged in the first sector, 19% were in production and retail trade jobs 17.1% were in sales, 14.6% were in services, 9.9% were in clerical work, and 7.8% had professional jobs. In urban areas, most of the employed women were found to be engaged in production and related jobs(26.8%), sales(23.7%), and services(20.7%), while in rural areas, 80% of the employed women were found to be engaged in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
Among never married women, the proportions of women engaged in clerical and related jobs(52.0%) and professional and related jobs(18.8%) were relatively high, whereas the proportions of women engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing(37.5%) and sales and services(35.2%) were high among married women. Comparing these results to those of the first employment survey which was conducted only for married women in 1985, the proportions of married women engaged in agriculture and sales jobs have decreased while those of professional, clerical, and service jobs have increased. This indicates that the employment structure of women by occupation has improved slightly since 1985.
The majority of the employed women with less than primary school level education were engaged in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fishing(61.3%). While larger proportion of women with middle school level education were found to be engaged in production and related jobs(40.1%), the proportion of women with college level education were found more likely to be engaged in professional and technical related jobs(60.7%). However, in the case of employed women with high school level education, it was observed that 27.1% were engaged in clerical and related jobs, 26.0% were in sales, 22.2% were in production and related jobs and 15.4% were in service jobs. Therefore, the distribution of employed women by occupation varied according to level of education.
[Table 3] Distribution of Employed Women by Occupation
Unit : Person, %
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P & A Cler. Sales. Serv. Agri. Prod. Total
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Total 127 161 278 238 515 309 1,628
(7.8) (9.9) (17.1) (14.6) (31.6) (19.0) (100.0)
Marital Status
Never Married 48 133 19 15 1 49 256
(18.8) (52.0) (7.4) (5.9) (0.4) (15.6) (100.0)
Married 79 28 259 223 514 269 1,372
(5.8) (2.0) (18.9) (16.3) (37.5) (19.6) (100.0)
Level of Education
Primary School 4 1 73 109 441 91 719
(0.6) (0.1) (10.2) (15.2) (61.3) (12.7) (100.0)
Middle School 1 2 64 46 50 109 272
(0.4) (0.7) (23.5) (16.9) (18.4) (40.1) (100.0)
High Schools 20 127 122 72 24 104 469
(4.3) (27.1) (26.0) (15.4) (5.1) (22.2) (100.0)
University 102 31 19 11 0 5 168
(60.7) (18.5) (11.3) (6.5) (0.0) (3.0) (100.0)
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Note : P & A : Professional and Administrative
Cler. : Clerical
Sales.: Sales
Serv. : Services
Agri. : Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Prod. : Production
The employment structure of women by age reveals that in the 15∼24 age group, the majority(50.2%) were engaged in clerical and related jobs, followed by production and related jobs(20.1%), and professional, technical, and related jobs(13.7%). In the 25∼29 age group, the proportions of women engaged in production related jobs, professional, technical, and related jobs, and clerical jobs were about 20%, respectively. In comparison to this, in the 30∼39 age group, the observed distributions of women were such that 26.7% were engaged in sales, 26.5% were in production related jobs, 19.1% were in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, and 16.7% were in service jobs. For women aged 40 and over, majority(53.0%) of employed women were found to be engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing followed by services(17.0%), sales (14.0%), and production related jobs(12.7%).
The above results indicate that the proportion of women engaged in clerical jobs fell both in its absolute number and percentage (the proportion of employed women engaged in clerical jobs among total employed women by each age group), particularly, in the 25∼29 age group. This implies that a majority of them left the labor market because of marriage and childbirth. Compared to this, the absolute number and proportion of women engaged in sales, services and agriculture jobs increased in the 30∼39 age group indicating that a great proportion of women had reentered the job market. However, regardless of age, the proportion of women engaged in professional, technical, and administrative jobs were remained about the same, indicating that women in these occupations were more likely to stay in the job market regardless of their life cycle.
The occupational segregation by sex was serious among employed women. For example, the majority(72.4%) of all female professional and administrative workers were teachers and nurses; the majority of female clerical and other office workers were calculating machine operators; the majority of female sales workers were found to be in wholesale and retail trade jobs ; and the majority of female service workers were found to be in housekeeping or to be self-employed at restaurants. Moreover, the occupational segregation was also serious among women engaged in agriculture and production related jobs. The majority of the employed women engaged in agriculture, for example, were found to be in agriculture and livestock farming. Among women engaged in production related jobs, the majority were employed at apparel, electricity, and other production related facilities.
As a result, out of 82 divisions of the occupational classification system, about 68% of all employed women were located in the above mentioned 10 divisions. This indicates that the current increases in the proportion of women engaged in upper level jobs were mainly due to the increase in the proportion of women holding jobs in fields that were already dominated by women, such as teaching. Additionally, the occupational distribution of women according to marital status reveals that among never married women, the proportion of women holding clerical jobs, such as calculating machine operators, was high, and among married women, the proportion of women engaged in agriculture/livestock farming as unpaid family workers, wholesale and retail trade as self-employed workers, and housekeeping and other household service jobs was also high.
[Table 4] Distribution of Employed Women by 3-digit Classified Occupation
Unit : Person, %
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Number of Major Jobs Within Three-digit Classified
Employed Occupation
Women (Percentage)
(Major Group)
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P & A 127(100.0) Teachers(63.0)
Cler. 161(100.0) Calculating Machine Operator(57.8)
Sales 278(100.0) Self-employed in Wholesale and Retail Trade(32.4)
Sales Workers and Shopkeepers(15.1)
Serv. 238(199.0) Housekeepers(38.7)
Self-employed in Food(17.6)
Agri. 515(100.0) Farm and Livestock Workers(97.5)
Prod. 309(100.0) Apparel(32.3)
Electronics(16.2)
Other Production Related Workers(15.5)
Total 1,628(100.0) 10 Above-mentioned Jobs(68.1)
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Note : The percentage for major occupation designates the proportion of women concentrated in specific occupations out of all women whom belong to the major group of occupations.
C. Women's Employment Structure by Number of Workers in the Establishments
The employment structure by the number of workers in the establishments reveals that 69.0% of all employed women were employed in a small establishments, where the number of the employees was less than four. 18.8% of women were employed in establishments with 5∼49 workers, and 8.9% of employed women were employed in the establishments with 50∼299 employees. In large establishments where the number of employees were greater than 300, only 3.3% of all employed women were employed. This indicates that the majority of employed women in Korea were employed in small-scale establishments with the result that their working status is unstable.
In rural areas, most employed women were engaged in the sector of agriculture. According to the distribution of employed women by the number of employees in establishments, 56.6% of the urban workers were working in establishments of fewer than 4 employees, 25.8% in establishments with 5∼49 employees, 12.5% in establishments with 50∼299 employees, and 5.1% in the establishments with 300 employees or more.
[Table 5] Women's Employment Structure by Working Status and Size of Establishment
Unit : Person, %
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1∼4 5∼9 10∼49 50∼99 100∼299 300∼999 1000+ Total
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Total 1,121 109 197 82 62 24 29 1,624
(69.0) (6.7) (12.1) (5.1) (3.8) (1.5) (1.8) (100.0)
Working Status
Employer/Self 289 3 4 2 9 0 0 307
-employed (94.1) (1.0) (1.3) (0.7) (2.9) (0.0) (0.0) (100.0)
Unpaid Family 584 14 2 3 0 0 1 604
Workers (96.7) (2.3) (0.3) (0.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.2) (100.0)
Regular 66 68 118 59 42 16 19 388
Worker (17.0) (17.5) (30.5) (15.2) (10.8) (4.1) (4.9) (100.0)
Temporary & 181 24 73 18 20 8 9 333
Daily Workers (54.4) (7.2) (21.9) (5.4) (6.0) (2.4) (2.7) (100.0)
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By working status, 94.1% of female employees and self-employed, and 96.7% of the unpaid family workers were working in establishments of 4 or fewer employees. In the case of temporary and daily workers, 54.4% were also working in establishments fewer than 4 employees and 29.1% were working in establishments of 5∼49 employees. In comparison to this, though the regular employees were distributed evenly across all sizes of establishments, the majority were working in the establishments where the number of employees was less than 300.
The employment structure of women by the establishment size reveals that female employers or self-employed women were the likely to be operating small-scale establishments. Most of the temporary and daily workers were not protected by the Labor Standard Act(54.4% of the temporary and daily female workers were employed in the small-scale establishments of fewer than 4 employees, where the reinforcement of the Labor Standard Act was exempted). This fact indicates that the legal or institutional efforts to create better working environments could be limited. Furthermore only 1.8% of married women were employed in large-scale establishments, where the number of employees was greater than 300. Thus, the Mother-Child Welfare Act could only be enforced in a limited way, especially since the enforcement of the Article concerning to establishment of care facilities applies only to establishments of 500 and more workers(Note : As of 1991, only 600 establishments were applicated by the Law.)
D. Women's Employment Structure by Working Status
The women's employment structure by working status shows that 55.3% of all employed women were non-wage workers, while the remaining 44.7% were wage workers. 1.2% of non_wage workers were employers, 17.1% were self-employed, and 37.0% were unpaid family workers. Wage workers were classified into two groups ; regular employees(53.1%) and temporary/daily workers(46.9%). Though the proportion of temporary/daily workers out of all employed women was similar with those of other survey results, the proportion of temporary and daily workers out of all wage workers was found to be relatively high in this study.
[Table 6] Distribution of Employed Women by Working Status
Unit : Person, %
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Employer Self - Unpaid Regular Temporary Total
Employed Family Worker /Daily
Worker Worker
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Total 19 280 605 389 343 1,636
(1.2) (17.1) (37.0) (23.7) (21.0) (100.0)
Marital Status
Never-Married 4 5 12 211 24 256
(1.6) (2.0) (4.7) (82.4) (9.4) (100.0)
Married 15 275 593 178 319 1,380
(1.1) (19.9) (43.0) (12.9) (23.1) (100.0)
Age Group
15∼24 1 4 14 170 30 219
(0.5) (1.8) (6.4) (77.6) (13.7) (100.0)
25∼29 2 20 41 71 38 172
(1.2) (11.6) (23.8) (41.2) (22.1) (100.0)
30∼39 13 94 162 80 124 473
(2.8) (19.9) (34.2) (16.9) (26.2) (100.0)
40+ 3 162 388 68 151 772
(0.4) (21.0) (50.3) (8.8) (19.5) (100.0)
Industry
Agri. 0 89 399 2 24 514
(0.0) (17.3) (77.6) (0.4) (4.7) (100.0)
Mfg. 3 10 31 151 185 380
(0.8) (2.6) (8.2) (39.7) (48.7) (100.0)
SOC 16 179 175 235 133 738
(2.2) (24.3) (23.7) (31.8) (18.0) (100.0)
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Note : Agri. : Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Mfg. : Mining and Manufacturing
SOC : Social Overhead Capital and Other Services
In urban areas, 61.0% of employed women were wage earners and 20.8% were unpaid family workers. In rural areas, 65.8% of employed women were unpaid-family workers and 18.1% were self-employed. By marital status, the majority(82.4%) of the never married women were found to be regular workers, while for married women, 43.0% were unpaid family workers, 12.9% were regular workers, and 23.1% were temporary and daily workers. Furthermore, 19.9% were classified as self-employed women. These characteristics were also observed when the working status of employed women was analyzed according to age. In 15∼24 age group, where majority were never married, 91.3% of the employed women were wage earners, while among women aged 40 and over, 50.3% were unpaid family workers. That is, the distribution of working status by age of employed women reveals that the younger the age of employed women, the higher the proportion of wage workers. Conversely the greater the age of employed women, the greater the proportion of non-wage workers, particularly unpaid family workers. furthermore, the younger the age of employed women, the greater the proportion of regular workers among wage earners, while the greater the age of women, the greater the proportion of temporary and daily workers.
The status of female workers by industry reveals that 77.6% of employed women engaged in the sector of agriculture were unpaid family workers, while 88.4% of women engaged in the mining and manufacturing sector were wage workers. Compared to this, 49.8% of women employed in the sector of SOC and other services were wage workers, whereas 24.3% were self-employed and another 23.7% were unpaid family workers. Additionally, the majority of self-employed women(73.7%) and female unpaid family workers(78.9%) employed in SOC and other services were engaged in wholesale and retail trade jobs.
E. Characteristics of Major Groups of Employed Women
Through the comprehensive analysis of the women's employment structure, seven groups were classified based on the characteristics of employed women. These seven groups accounted for 83.0% of all employed women. Four groups, that is, A, B, C, D, accounted 83.3% of all married women, whereas the remaining three groups, E, F, G, accounted for 81.5% of all unmarried women.
The majority of employed women residing in rural areas were self-employed or unpaid family workers engaged in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fishing (Group A). The majority of women in this group were middle aged women of 40 years old and over(79.0%) with less than primary school level education(86.1%)
The remaining six groups pertained to the employment structure of urban women. The greatest proportion of employed women residing in urban areas was in B group. The percentages of married women aged 30∼39 were relatively high in groups B and C (46.0% and 48.6%,respectively), and in group D, the proportion of women aged 40 and over was also relatively high (45.8%). The proportions of women with higher levels of education were relatively high in groups B, C, and D, in that order. That is, the proportion of women with more than high school level education was 46.0% in group B, 34.8% in Group C, and 29.1% in group D. The proportion of employed women who had at least one child aged 6 or less was the greatest in group C(i.e., 33.8% of married women had at least one child aged 6 or less), followed by group B(26.2%) and group D(7.6%). That is, married women with the employment structure of groups B and C had the attributes of higher levels of education and younger age compared to the women of D group. As a result, the proportion of women with at least one child aged 6 or less was also high among these groups.
As shown in [Table 7], the majority of never married women had the type of E, F, G. The attributes of never married women reveals that majority of them were in the 15∼24 age group, relatively younger in group G compared to groups E and F. The highest levels of education were found among women in group E ; 37.4% of them had higher education than the college level and the remaining 62.6% had high school level education. About 26.5% of never married women in group F had the educational level of college, while 62.6% were in high school level.
[Table 7] Classification of Employed Women by Major Working Type
Unit : %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type Industry Occupation Working Status Percentage
of All Em-
ployed
Women
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Married A Agri. Agri. Employer/Unpaid Family
Worker 29.9(35.5)
B Service Sales/Service Employer/Self-employed/
Unpaid Family Worker 19.3(22.9)
c Mfg. Production Wage Workers 12.9(15.3)
D Service Sales/Service Wage Workers 8.1( 9.6)
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Never E Service Prof./Clerical Wage Workers 7.6(48.2)
Married F Mfg. Prof./Clerical Wage Workers 3.0(19.2)
G Mfg. Production Wage Workers 2.2(14.1)
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Note : 1) In Agri. Mining was also included.
2) Service refers to SOC and Other Services
3) The percentage in ( ) designates the respective percentages
among married women and among never married women.
In regards to the sector of manufacturing it was found that a relatively high proportion of employed women were engaged in the large-scale establishments. If they was employed in similar kinds of establishments, women in group G were more likely to be employed in the larger-scale establishments than women in group F(27.8% of all never married women in group G were employed in the establishments with 100 employees or more).
2. The conditions of Employment
A. Monthly Income and Hours Worked per Week
According to the survey results on the monthly income of employed women excluding unpaid family workers, the average monthly income of employed women was 476 thousand won ; 478 thousand won in urban areas and 449 thousand won in rural areas(Note : Farm households were excluded from this study because income in farm households were calculated by revenues minus costs.).
The distribution of employed women by monthly income group was as follows ; 200∼399 thousand won(35.9% of all employed women), 400∼599 thousand won(27.4%), 600∼799 thousand won(9.3%), 800∼999 thousand won(4.1%), less than 200 thousand won(13.0%), and more than 1 million won per month(10.3%). That is, about half(48.9%) of all the employed women earned less than 400 thousand won which is less than the national average monthly income.
The average monthly income of unmarried women was 475 thousand won. In the case of married women, it was 478 thousand won, roughly the same as that of never married women. By age group, the monthly 387 thousand won, income for the 15∼24 age group was, 542 thousand won for the 25∼29 age group, 481 thousand won for the 30∼39 group, and 440 thousand won for women aged 40 and over. That is, the income level of employed women increased as the age of women increased up to the age of 30 : however, after that age, the level of income decreased as the age of women increased. These age patterns of income are a result of the fact that women tend to leave the labor market at about the age of 25∼29 for marriage and child brith and reenter the labor market after age 30, indication that the patterns of women's economic particpation depends highly on their life cycle.
[Table 8] Distribution of Employed Women Income Groups
Unit : %
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1∼9 10∼19 20∼39 40∼59 60∼79 80∼99 100+ Total
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Total 4.5 8.5 35.9 27.4 9.3 4.1 10.3 100.0
Region
Urban 4.5 8.5 35.3 27.6 9.4 4.4 10.3 100.0
Rural 4.4 8.7 45.7 23.9 8.7 0.0 8.6 100.0
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* Unit : ten thousand won
The average hours worked per week of employed women was about 55.1 hours ; 52.0 hours in urban areas and 60.5 hours in rural areas. By marital status, it was 48.7 hours per week for unmarried women and 56.3 hours for married women. Female employers worked 67.2 hours per week ; self-employed women 62.1 hours ; unpaid family worker 61.7 hours ; and wage earners 46.7 hours.
[Table 9] Average Working Hours per Week by Occupation
Unit : hour
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P & A Cler. Sales Serv. Agri. Prod. Total
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Working Hours 41.3 49.2 59.8 59.8 62.2 47.2 55.1
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Breaking down hours worked according to occupation, administrative and professional workers were working the least(41.3 hours), followed by production and related workers(47.2 hours), and clerical workers(49.2 hours). Compared to this, the number of hours worked in agriculture, forestry, and fishing was relatively high as much as 62.2 hours per week. Women engaged in sales and services were working for 59.8 hours a week. In other words, administrative and professional workers, production and related workers, clerical workers, who were generally wage earners, the working tended to be short, whereas among women in agriculture, sales, and service jobs, where there is a high proportion of employers or unpaid family workers, the working weeks were relatively long.
According to the statistics on working hours, 17.8% of all wage earners (130 out of 729) had worked less than 35 hours per week. The majority of these underemployed workers(107 women) were temporary and daily workers. By marital status, 23.9% of all married women were underemployed workers, whereas only 4.7% of unmarried women were underemployed workers. In other words, among married women, employers and unpaid family workers tended to work relatively long hours. Among married women, wage workers were likely to hold unstable jobs.
[Table 10] Distribution of Employed Women by Working Hours per Week
Unit : Person, %
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Hour 1∼17 18∼35 36∼53 54+ Temporary Total
on Leave
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Total 36 205 487 877 23 1,628
(2.2) (12.6) (29.9) (53.9) (1.4) (100.0)
Rigion
Urban 28 149 390 450 17 1,034
(2.7) (14.4) (37.7) (43.5) (1.6) (100.0)
Rural 8 56 97 427 6 594
(1.4) (9.4) (16.3) (71.9) (1.0) (100.0)
Working Status
Employer 0 0 3 15 0 18
(0.0) (0.0) (16.7) (83.3) (0.0) (100.0)
Self Employed 8 26 42 194 4 274
Workers (2.9) (9.5) (15.3) (70.8) (1.5) (100.0)
Unpaid Family 6 71 79 448 3 607
Worker (1.0) (11.7) (13.0) (73.8) (0.5) (100.0)
Regular 3 20 252 109 3 387
worker (0.8) (5.2) (65.1) (28.2) (0.8) (100.0)
Temporary & 19 88 111 111 13 342
Daily Worker &n | | |